LB 


N 


UC-NRLF 


*B    Eb5    -mo 


MOTIVES    IN 
EDUCATION 

AND    OTHER    ESSAYS 


BY 


D.  F.  K.  BERTOLETTE 


BOSTON 

THE  GORHAM  PRESS 

1916 


COPYRIGHT,  1916,  BY  D.  F.  K.  BERTOLETTE 


All  Rights  Reserved 


The  Gorham  Press,  Boston,  U.  S.  A. 


CONTENTS 

PAGH 

MOTIVES  IN  EDUCATION  ....  7 
THE  FRENCH  HUGUENOTS  IN  EARLY 

FLORIDA  ......       SI 

TREES  AS  A  MEANS  FOR  BEAUTIFYING 

OUR  CITIES       .....       49 


3574iV 


MOTIVES  IN  EDUCATION 


MOTIVES  IN  EDUCATION 

A  MOTIVE  may  be  defined  as 
meaning  that  which  acts  as  an  in-\ 
ducement  to  preference  or  choice.  ' 
In  other  words  it  is  a  very  strong  influ- 
ence toward  some  object  to  be  attained. 
Just  what  these  influences  are  depends 
entirely  upon  the  nature  of  the  person 
and  on  the  object  to  be  attained.  We 
often  hear  the  expression,  and  doubtless 
use  it  as  often  ourselves,  "What  was 
your  motive  in  doing  this?"  meaning 
what  caused  you  or  what  influenced  you 
to  act  in  such  a  manner. 

We  may  state  with  truth  that  every 
wilful  act  has  its  inducement  or  cause. 
[7] 


MOTIVES  IN  EDUCATION 

Just  as  in  mathematics  there  is  a  reason 
for  every  step,  so  also  in  every  act  there 
is  a  motive  or  cause.  From  the  child  on 
up  the  individual  can  give  a  reason  for 
each  and  every  one  of  his  voluntary  acts 
however  small  and  mean  the  reason  may 
be.  Still  it  is  a  reason.  It  may  only  be  a 
certain  state  of  consciousness  which  hap- 
pens to  be  uppermost  in  a  man's  mind  as 
he  acts. 

Very  often  Intention  and  Motive  are 
confused;  in  fact  they  are  used  inter- 
changeably in  society.  Notwithstanding 
this  fact  there  is  a  vast  difference  in  their 
meaning.  Intention  is  what  a  man  means 
to  do,  while  Motive  is  the  personal  frame 
of  mind  which  indicates  why  he  means  to 
do  it.  Therefore  Intention  has  the 
stronger  moral  value,  while  Motive  ren- 
ders the  consequences  interesting  and  at- 

[8] 


MOTIVES  IN  EDUCATION 

tractive.  Motive  is  that  which  makes  the 
difference  between  one  act  and  another. 
As  we  now  know  the  difference  be- 
tween Intention  and  Motive,  let  us  ex- 
amine the  different  kinds  of  Motives. 
Motive  may  be  divided  into  two  classes, 
Egoistical  and  Altruistical.  Both  classes 
are  absolutely  necessary  in  our  daily  life. 
Let  us  first  look  at  egoistic  motives  or 
the  ones  which  concern  the  self  only.  Our 
original  instincts  are  such  that  their  ob- 
jects are  to  look  after  the  advantages  of 
the  self.  However  everything  depends 
upon  the  sort  of  self  maintained.  What 
would  become  of  a  person  if  he  would  not 
struggle  for  food  and  strive  against  ob- 
stacles? What  would  become  of  society? 
Self-preserving  instincts  must  be  there- 
fore socially  conservative.  No  one  has  a 
right  to  neglect  his  own  interests,  hoping 
[9] 


MOTIVES  IN  EDUCATION 

some  one  else  will  care  for  them.  The 
man  who  takes  exercise  because  he  thinks 
of  his  health  must  be  commended,  but  the 
one  who  is  thinking  continually  of  his 
health  and  excludes  other  thoughts  must 
be  condemned. 

Altruistic  motives  are  called  out  by  the 
sight  of  another's  joy  or  sorrow  and  seek 
to  increase  the  former  and  lighten  the  lat- 
ter. These  motives  may  be  divided  into 
three  classes:  1.  Those  which  seek  to 
preserve  the  self.  2.  Those  which  seek 
to  favor  others.  3.  Those  which  are  pure- 
ly impersonal.  Every  person  is  a  pecu- 
liar mixture  of  fierce  insistence  on  his  own 
welfare  and  is  susceptible  to  the  happi- 
ness of  others. 

I  have  said  that  the  motives  of  a  person 
are  either  egoistical  or  altruistical  and  this 
applies  to  the  child  as  well  as  to  the  adult. 

[10] 


MOTIVES  IN  EDUCATION 

Both  classes  are  absolutely  necessary,  as 
we  have  seen,  but  it  remains  for  us  to 
teach  the  child  when  and  how  to  use  the 
one  in  exclusion  of  the  other;  in  other 
words,  give  him  training  for  future  life. 
Coming  down  to  the  main  question,  is 
there  any  motive  in  education?  Is  there 
any  influence  which  causes  any  person 
young  or  old  to  study?  Let  us  pause  a 
moment  and  consider.  Beyond  a  doubt 
we  all  have  pupils  in  our  schools  who  do 
not  study  well  and  possibly  some  who  do 
not  study  at  all.  Somehow  or  other  they 
simply  idle  their  time  away.  What  is  the 
reason?  What  can  be  done  to  solve  this 
great  problem?  This  is  a  question  which 
has  confronted  teachers  and  parents  from 
time  immemorial.  We  all  know  through 
personal  experience  how  difficult  it  is  to 
do  anything  which  is  not  interesting.  We 


MOTIVES  IN  EDUCATION 

also  know  that  the  results  are  better  and 
more  lasting  \^here  interest  is^ displayed. 
The  same  thing  is  true  with  the  child  in 
his  education.  To  say  that  one  is  inter- 
ested in  a  subject  is  exactly  the  same  as 
saying  that  he  has  a  motive  for  its  study. 
As  we  have  seen,  one  may  have  other  mo- 
tives than  that  of  interest,  yet  interest  in 
its  best  sense  means  motive  and  when  we 
succeed  in  getting  a  child  interested  in  his 
work  we  give  him  a  motive.  Therefore 
the  point  is  for  every  teacher  to  make  the 
subject  in  which  a  pupil  shows  no  interest 
interesting  and  thus  give  him  a  motive  for 
his  work. 

In  early  times  the  custom  prevailed 
amongst  the  majority  of  teachers  to  make 
a  subject  interesting  by  use  of  the  rod. 
This  method  of  securing  interest  proved 
too  harsh  and  eventually  the  only  result 


MOTIVES  IN  EDUCATION 

obtained  was  to  make  the  child  stubborn. 
It  was  also  discovered  that  many  pupils 
had  no  special  interest  in  avoiding  a  whip- 
ping. Later,  demotion  and  praise  were  re- 
sorted to.  These  were  by  far  the  most 
pleasant  incentives.  Although  these  might 
produce  interest  in  the  school  they  failed 
entirely  out  of  school.  It  was  then  learned 
that  one  should  appeal  to  those  values 
which  last  all  through  life.  One  should 
therefore  appeal  to  such  values  as:  duty, 
honesty,  ambition,  rivalry,  and  the  vir- 
tues which  last  all  through  life.  The  kind 
of  interest  which  is  secured  in  this  man- 
ner is  known  as  mediate  interest,  or  the 
kind  of  interest  connected  with  a  thing 
which  is  not  interesting  in  itself.  The 
method  is  known  as  an  appeal  to  the  gen- 
eric values  or  interests.  In  other  words, 
it  is  the  securing  of  interest  where  no  in- 

[13] 


MOTIVES  IN  EDUCATION 

terest  is  shown. 

In  appealing  to  the  virtues  the  guiding 
principle  is  that  the  highest  virtue  should 
be  used.  By  this  I  mean  the  highest  vir- 
;  tue  the  pupil  can  comprehend,  and  to  do 
.this  the  teacher  must  know  his  pupils.  He 
dare  not  appeal  to  duty  if  his  pupils  are 
not  as  yet  interested  in  doing  their  duty 
and  do  not  understand  the  term.  An  ob- 
jection to  this  may  be  raised  that  the  pu- 
pil studies  merely  for  the  sake  of  the  vir- 
tue and  not  for  the  sake  of  the  subject 
matter.  He  is  interested  merely  in 
quantity  and  not  in  quality.  Here  the 
teacher  must  again  step  in.  Here  the 
teacher  must  know  in  what  his  pupil  is 
interested  and  should  associate  the  work 
along  the  pupil's  line  of  interest.  For  ex- 
n&  ample:  a  boy  is  not  in  the  least  interested 
in  arithmetic,  yet  he  is  intensely  interested 


MOTIVES  IN  EDUCATION 

in  farm  work.  If  so,  anything  connected 
with  farm  work  will  be  interesting.  In 
this  case  it  is  the  duty  of  the  teacher  to 
associate  the  lessons  with  farm  work  and 
their  value  to  farm  work.  He  should  give 
the  boy  such  problems  as  are  concerned 
with  finding  the  dimensions  of  buildings, 
the  capacity  of  bins,  in  fact  anything  of 
interest  to  a  boy  on  a  farm.  At  the  same 
time  he  should  point  out  the  need  of  such 
problems  to  a  farmer.  In  such  cases  in- 
variably interest  will  be  obtained.  The 
work  may  be  slow  yet  it  will  be  lasting. 
Many  teachers  think  attention  is  the 
thing  needed  in  classes;  however,  this  is 
not  the  most  important  although  it  is  one 
of  the  most  important.  This  is  shown  by 
the  difference  between  the  listless  atten- 
tion we  give  to  anything  uninteresting 
and  the  kind  of  attention  we  give  to  any- 

[15] 


MOTIVES  IN  EDUCATION 

thing  interesting.  Therefore  it  is  the  duty 

[of  every  teacher  to  make  his  classes  in- 

«  teresting  and  alive ;  if  he  fails  the  branch 

should  be  dropped  since  the  damage  will 

be  greater  than  the  benefit. 

One  great  fault  with  many  teachers  is 
constantly  to  be  nagging  at  our  dull  pu- 
pils— we  praise  and  help  our  bright  pu- 
pils only.  This  should  not  be  done.  Some 
pupils  can  grasp  a  lesson  quicker  than 
another  and  it  is  our  duty  to  explain  more 
to  the  dull  pupil  and  help  him.  Any 
person  will  get  tired  of  continual  scold- 
ing, will  get  disgusted  and  quit.  Many 
a  time  a  dull  mind  is  the  most  fertile  field 
to  work  in  if  the  teacher  but  knew  and 
would  cultivate.  A  teacher  is  not  meas- 
ured by  the  number  of  bright  pupils  he 
makes  brighter,  but  rather  by  the  number 
of  dull  pupils  he  makes  bright.  The  dull 
[16] 


MOTIVES  IN  EDUCATION 

pupil  needs  the  most  encouragement. 
Many  of  our  greatest  men  were  the  dull- 
est in  their  school  days.  It  is  true  that  it 
may  take  time  and  a  lot  of  patience  to 
teach  a  dull  boy,  yet  the  result  may  be  am- 
ple reward. 

It  is  the  duty,  therefore,  of  every 
teacher  to  know  his  pupils,  to  find  out  in 
what  they  are  interested,  to  associate  the 
uninteresting  with  the  interesting,  and  in 
so  doing  should  appeal  to  the  higher  and 
nobler  qualities  which  may  serve  to  move 
a  pupil. 


[17] 


THE  FRENCH  HUGUENOTS  IN 
EARLY  FLORIDA 


THE  FRENCH  HUGUENOTS  IN 
EARLY  FLORIDA 

AMONG  the  various  nationali- 
ties which  gave  the  New  World  a 
start  were  the  French.  Of  these 
there  were  two  chief  classes:  first,  those 
who  left  their  native  land  of  their  own 
accord  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  a 
"New  France"  in  the  New  World;  sec- 
ond, those  compelled,  or  almost  com- 
pelled, to  leave  their  country  on  account 
of  religious  persecution.  Taken  as  a 
whole,  we  find  the  latter  class,  although 
struggling  against  greater  odds,  more 
numerous  than  the  former  and  as  a  rule 
they  were  the  better  element  to  lay  the 
foundation  of  a  young*  nation.  When 

[21] 


HUGUENOTS   IN   EARLY   FLORIDA 

they  came  they  came  with  a  determination 
to  stay,  knowing  that  they  could  not  pos- 
sibly return  unless  they  would  conform  to 
the  Established  Church.  This  class  was 
termed  the  French  Huguenots  and  among 
them,  as  in  all  classes,  we  find  both  good 
and  bad,  industrious  and  indolent.  They 
found  settlements  in  nearly  every  col- 
ony and  in  every  case  proved  themselves 
a  good  element.  However,  looking  over 
our  histories,  in  general,  we  find  that  very 
little  attention  is  given  them.  Can  it  be 
that  they  were  neither  beneficial  nor  in- 
teresting? No,  this  can  not  be  for  they 
were  very  beneficial  and  interesting  in  the 
extreme.  "What  then  are  the  reasons 
that  so  little  is  said?"  you  may  ask.  In 
the  first  place  it  may  be  that  not  much 
is  known  about  them;  in  the  second  place 
the  majority  of  our  historians  are  Eng- 

[22] 


HUGUENOTS   IN   EARLY   FLORIDA 

lishmen  and  do  not  care  to  mention  any- 
thing concerning  the  French.  Be  this  as 
it  may,  the  fact  remains  that  in  very  few 
histories,  especially  those  commonly  used, 
do  we  find  any  great  discussion  about  the 
Huguenots'  early  settlements,  scarcely  a 
mere  mention.  Although  unsuccessful  in 
many  cases,  yet  they  deserve  a  place  on 
our  records.  Therefore,  in  this  treatise, 
I  shall  endeavor  to  enlighten  the  reader 
in  particular  about  several  of  these  early 
settlements,  namely,  those  of  the  Hugue- 
nots in  Early  Florida. 

Let  us,  first  of  all,  note  conditions  in 
France  which  brought  about  these  settle- 
ments. About  the  year  1562  a  dark  cloud 
was  thickening  over  France.  The  great 
religious  wars  were  rapidly  approaching. 
At  this  time  the  people  were  getting  new 
religious  ideas  and  were  leaving  the  Es- 

[23] 


HUGUENOTS   IN   EARLY   FLORIDA 

tablished  Church,  which  was  Catholic. 
Spain,  the  great  Catholic  nation,  was  con- 
tinually watching  and  waiting  to  crush 
this  hope  of  humanity.  Considering  these 
facts  and  fearing  what  the  future  might 
have  in  store,  a  Huguenot  colony  started 
by  Gaspard  de  Coligny  made  preparations 
to  sail  for  the  New  World  for  the  purpose 
of  founding  a  settlement  where  they  could 
worship  as  they  pleased.  Colig!ny,  al- 
though high  in  rank,  had  to  act  with  great 
caution. 

This  Huguenot  party  may  be  consid- 
ered as  being  political  as  well  as  religious. 
Their  religious  element  consisted  of  mar- 
tyrs and  devoted  fugitives,  but  joined  to 
these  were  some  on  whom  the  faith  sat 
lightly.  Yet  in  this  expedition  were  the 
boldest  and  most  earnest  of  their  sect- 
men  equal,  in  every  respect,  to  those  who 
[tt] 


HUGUENOTS    IN   EARLY    FLORIDA 

later  came  over  in  the  Mayflower  and 
landed  at  Plymouth.  Their  commander 
was  an  excellent  man  and  a  staunch 
Protestant,  Jean  Ribaut  of  Dieppe.  Be- 
sides sailors  the  expedition  consisted  of  a 
band  of  veteran  soldiers  and  a  few  no- 
bles, for  it  must  be  noticed  that  also  some 
of  the  nobility  had  withdrawn  from  the 
Established  Church  and  become  Protes- 
tants. 

The  party  sailed  from  Hause  on  the 
18th  of  February,  1562.  After  quite  a 
successful  voyage,  on  the  thirtieth  of 
May,  in  the  latitude  of  twenty-nine  and 
a  half  degrees,  they  sighted  what  proved 
to  be  the  coast  of  Florida.  Now  they 
turned  their  prows  northward  and  the 
next  morning  found  themselves  off  the 
mouth  of  a  great  river.  The  shore  was 
crowded  with  Indians  who  beckoned  them 

[25] 


HUGUENOTS   IN   EARLY    FLORIDA 

to  land.  They  landed  and  gave  thanks 
to  God  for  their  safe  deliverance. 
Through  the  giving  of  gifts  they  soon 
made  friends  of  the  Indians.  Next  they 
took  advantage  of  the  opportunity  and 
admired  the  scenery  and  the  country 
which  they  imagined  must  have  gold. 
Here  again  we  find  that  old  fault,  that 
old  greediness,  which  so  often  resulted  in 
the  utter  failure  of  entire  colonies,  name- 
ly, the  desire  for  gold.  We  shall  soon 
see  the  result  of  this  desire  in  this  case. 
When  they  had  planted  the  arms  of 
France  on  the  shores  of  this  river,  which 
was  called  the  river  May,  they  again  set 
sail  for  the  north.  After)  cruising  for 
some  time  they  cast  anchor  near  Fer- 
nandina.  Spending  several  weeks  in  ex- 
plorations till  they  had  a  pretty  clear  con- 
ception of  this  vast  region,  they,  one  day, 
[26] 


HUGUENOTS   IN   EARLY   FLORIDA 

discovered  a  commodious  haven  between 
the  flat  and  sandy  shores  and  called  it 
Port  Royal.  Here  too  they  made  friends 
of  the  redskins.  Plenty  of  game  was  seen 
and  many  of  the  men  desired  to  remain. 
Although  the  object  of  this  voyage  was 
not  immediate  settlement,  yet  Ribaut  hu- 
mored them.  Finally  thirty  were  chosen 
to  hold  Port  Royal  with  Albert  de  Pres- 
sia  as  commander.  The  fort  was  begun, 
situated  on  Archers  Creek,  and  was  called 
Charles  Fort  in  honor  of  Charles  IX.  As 
considerable  headway  was  soon  made,  am- 
munition was  sent  to  the  fort  and  Ribaut 
embarked  on  his  way  to  France. 

Albert  and  his  friends  were  now  alone 
in  these  solitudes,  that  is,  they  were  the 
only  Christian  settlement  from  the  North 
Pole  to  Mexico.  The  pressing  question, 
in  fact,  was  how  were  they  to  subsist,  but 
[27] 


HUGUENOTS   IN   EARLY   FLORIDA 

before  considering  this  question  they  be- 
gan to  turn  their  attention  to  gold.  After 
they  had  built  the  fort  they  set  forth  for 
adventures.  They  were  not  troubled,  in 
any  way,  by  the  Indians  who  had  lost  all 
fear  of  the  new  comers  since  Ribaut  had 
advised  his  men  to  use  kindness,  and  so 
good  will  prevailed.  The  French  roamed 
over  the  whole  country,  visited  in  turn  five 
petty  chiefs  and  feasted  with  each  one. 
By  one  of  these  chiefs,  named  Andusta, 
they  were  invited  to  a  religious  festival, 
the  whole  affairs  of  which  they  were  not 
allowed  to  see.  At  the  close  of  the  fes- 
tival they  were  summoned  to  a  sumptu- 
ous feast. 

After  their  visit  to  Andusta,  they  again 
returned  to  Charles  Fort  and  were  again 
generously  supplied  by  the  Indians  with 
food.  The  Indians,  also,  told  them  of  an- 

[28] 


HUGUENOTS   IN   EARLY   FLORIDA 

other  rich  tribe  to  which  they  immediately 
repaired.  By  this  tribe  they  were  feasted 
to  repletion  and  were  given  a  large 
amount  of  food  to  take  back  to  their  fort. 
However,  that  night  their  store  house 
burned  down  and  again  they  were  left 
destitute.  Again  they  received  food  from 
a  rich  Savannah  tribe  whose  chief  assured 
them  that  his  friends  should  not  want. 
From  all  this  one  might  think  that  the 
French  spent  a  life  of  luxury  and  happi- 
ness but  this  was  not  the  case.  Within 
the  colony  the  colonists  fell  to  quarreling. 
The  governor,  Albert,  grew  harsh,  domi- 
neering, and  violent.  Any  one  opposing 
him  would  get  hung,  he  performing  this 
office  himself.  After  he  had  banished  one 
man  to  a  solitary  island  the  colonists  arose 
and  murdered  Albert  and  put  another 
man  in  his  office  named  Barre.  After  this 
[29] 


HUGUENOTS   IN   EARLY   FLORIDA 

there  was  peace  but  a  peace  of  famine, 
homesickness,  and  disgust.  The  settlers 
grew  to  hate  the  fort.  If  they  had  put 
energy  in  this  settlement  it  might  have 
become  a  solid  colony  but  on  the  contrary 
they  lost  all  energy.  They  built  a  rude 
craft,  loaded  a  few  provisions  on  it  and 
took  to  sea,  bound  for  France.  A  storm 
overtook  them,  their  provisions  gave  out, 
and  they  were  compelled  to  eat  one  of 
their  own  number.  Finally  an  English 
bark  took  them  all  prisoners.  Thus  end- 
ed the  first  Huguenot  attempt  to  estab- 
lish a  settlement  in  Florida. 

Not  more  than  two  years  later  another 
French  Huguenot  fleet,  driven  by  condi- 
tions in  France,  anchored  off  the  River 
May  on  the  coast  of  Florida.  This  fleet 
was  commanded  by  Rene  de  Laudonniere, 
who  also  was  of  the  nobility.  All  were 

[30] 


HUGUENOTS   IN   EARLY   FLORIDA 

Huguenots  in  name  at  least,  yet  as  before 
some  of  the  product  was  unsound — sol- 
diers paid  out  of  the  royal  treasury,  hired 
artisans  and  tradesmen,  and  a  swarm  of 
volunteers  from  the  young  Huguenot  no- 
bles. There  were  no  tillers  of  the  soil  who 
are  so  badly  needed  in  a  colony.  Hugue- 
not tillers  were  rare,  for  the  peasants 
clung  blindly  to  the  old  faith.  The  set- 
tlers were  heated  with  dreams  of  wealth 
like  all  others  before.  They  arrived  on  the 
twenty-second  of  June,  1564,  at  St.  Au- 
gustine, which  they  named  the  River  of 
Dolphins.  Thence  they  bore  north  and 
on  the  twenty-fifth  landed  on  the  shore  of 
the  River  May  near  the  present  village  of 
Mayport.  They  were  also  favorably  re- 
ceived by  the  Indians,  who  followed  them 
wherever  they  went. 

The    French     explored    the    country 

[31] 


HUGUENOTS   IN   EARLY   FLORIDA 

round  about  until  they  came  to  a  hill,  now 
called   St.  John's  Bluff,  where,  after   a 
good  deal  of  debating,  they  started  to 
build  a  fort.     It  was  marked  out  in  the 
form  of  a  triangle  and  all  lent  a  hand  to 
finish  it.     The  fort  was  after  this  man- 
ner.    On  the  river  side  there  was  a  de- 
fence of  a  palisade  of  timber.     On  the 
other  two  sides  was  a  ditch  and  a  rampart 
of  earth.    At  each  angle  was  a  bastion  and 
one  held  a  magazine.     In  the  open  were 
several  buildings  for  provisions  and  also 
some  dwelling  places.    The  Indians  grew 
suspicious  and  came  to  inquire  but  Lau- 
donniere  explained  that  no  evil  was  in- 
tended.   He  had  made  a  treaty  with  them 
to  attack  the  Thimagoas,  a  hostile  tribe, 
and  this  he  renewed.    This  reconciled  the 
Indians  and  in  several  more  days  the  fort 
was  finished. 

[32] 


HUGUENOTS   IN   EARLY   FLORIDA 

At  heart  the  French  commander  wished 
to  make  friends  with  the  Thimagoas  and 
accordingly  sent  one  of  his  men  to  make 
a  treaty.  When  the  man  returned  he 
told  the  inquiring  Satonriona  that  he  had 
made  an  expedition  against  the  Thima- 
goas and  had  defeated  them.  When  the 
chief,  in  turn,  wished  to  make  an  expedi- 
tion against  them  the  French  refused  to 
go.  This  angered  the  chief  and  he  went 
alone.  It  was  lucky  for  the  colonists  that 
his  wrath  did  not  take  another  turn,  but 
on  his  return  he  again  made  a  treaty  with 
the  colonists,  now  lowered  in  his  esteem. 

Meanwhile,  in  Fort  Caroline  itself, 
parties  and  cliques,  conspiracy  and  sedi- 
tion, were  fast  stirring  into  life.  The 
colonists'  hopes  had  been  dashed  for  they 
found  not  conquest  and  gold  but  exile  in 
a  small  fort  with  hard  labor,  hard  fare, 

[33] 


HUGUENOTS   IN   EARLY   FLORIDA 

approaching  famine  and  nothing  to  break 
the  monotony.     They  now  formed  plots 
against  the  commander.     What  largely 
angered  them  was  that  the  commander 
had  several  favorites,  one  of  whom  was 
Othingy,  and  so  they  could  not  gain  his 
ear.    Even  the  young  nobles  were  in  this 
conspiracy,  none  of  whom  was  very  reli- 
gious.   The  plot  was  led  by  one  La  Ro- 
quette,  who  stated  that  he  had  found  a 
mine  of  gold  and  silver  which  would  make 
them  all  rich  and  that  were  it  not  for 
Laudonniere  their  fortune  was  made.  He 
gained  an  ally  in  a  man  named  Genre  and 
through   him   won   over   many    soldiers. 
They  now  tried  to  kill  the  commander  in 
every  way  but  utterly  failed,  being  de- 
tected each  time.     At  length  word  was 
brought  that  Genre  was  the  cause  of  all 
this  and  he  was  forced  to  flee  but  was 

[34] 


HUGUENOTS   IN   EARLY   FLORIDA 

finally  forgiven.  Laudonniere  had  fallen 
ill  and  the  plotters  sent  charges  to  France 
of  peculation,  favoritism,  and  tyranny. 
With  a  certain  French  captain  Laudon- 
niere exchanged  eight  malcontents  for 
sailors,  which  act  proved  disastrous. 
These  pirates,  joined  to  others,  made  an 
expedition  to  the  West  Indies  but  were 
caught  by  the  Spanish  and  were  forced 
to  say  all  they  knew  about  the  fort. 
Things  now  went  on  from  bad  to  worse. 
The  conspirators,  led  by  a  man  of  good 
birth  by  the  name  of  Forneaux,  killed  all 
who  opposed  them.  They  captured  Laud- 
onniere, who  had  again  fallen  ill  and 
threatened  to  kill  him  unless  he  would  sub- 
mit to  their  expedition  against  the  West 
Indies.  This  he  at  last  promised  to  do. 
Their  object  was  to  plunder  a  church 
rich  with  metal  whereby  a  triple  end  was 

[35] 


HUGUENOTS   IN   EARLY   FLORIDA 

achieved.  First,  a  rich  booty;  second, 
vengeance  on  the  enemies  of  their  party 
and  faith;  third,  the  punishment  of  idol- 
atry. Needless  to  say  that  their  expedi- 
tion, although  successful  in  plundering 
the  church,  was  a  failure.  They  returned 
crestfallen  and  prayed  for  forgiveness. 
After  some  deliberation  they  were  for- 
given but  the  ringleaders  were  condemned 
to  death. 

The  fort  was  next  assaulted  by  fam- 
ine brought  on  by  indolence.  All  their 
stores  failed  and  they  were  obliged  to  eat 
even  roots.  The  Indians  no  longer  ren- 
dered aid  except  at  times  selling  them  fish 
at  exorbitant  prices.  No  help  came  from 
France.  They  demanded  aid  from  an  In- 
dian chief,  Ontina,  and  were  refused. 
Upon  this  they  captured  him  and  asked 
for  ransom.  At  first  ntfne  was  given  but 
[36] 


HUGUENOTS   IN   EARLY   FLORIDA 

finally  they  made  the  chief  promise  food 
and  took  him  back  to  his  tribe.  Here  they 
received  but  a  meager  supply  and  more- 
over the  party  was  attacked  by  the  furi- 
ous tribe,  two  being  killed  and  twenty-two 
injured.  Now  famine  and  desperation 
reigned  full  sway  at  the  fort  and  the  col- 
onists were  about  to  leave  when  four  ships 
were  sighted.  The  question  was,  Were 
they  friends  or  enemies?  They  were 
neither,  but  English  in  quest  of  slaves 
commanded  by  the  father  of  slavery,  Sir 
John  Hawkins.  He  came  up  the  river 
and  landed  at  the  fort.  Seeing  their  con- 
dition he  offered  them  free  passage  in  his 
vessel  which  was  refused  for  obvious  rea- 
sons. He  next  offered  to  lend  or  sell  one 
of  his  smaller  vessels.  This  Laudonniere 
dorfe  and  Hawkins  liberally  told  him  to 
fix  his  own  price.  The  cannon  of  the  fort 
[37] 


HUGUENOTS   IN   EARLY   FLORIDA 

and  several  other  articles  now  useless  to 
the  settlers  was  given  in  exchange.  Haw- 
kins also  gave  wine  and  biscuit  together 
with  other  needed  provisions  for  the  voy- 
age, after  which  he  left. 

The  French  settlers  now  began  to  make 
preparations  for  departure  when  their 
misfortunes  took  a  new  phase.  On  the 
28th  of  August,  Vassem  and  Verdier 
came  in  with  the  news  that  a  squadron 
was  nearing.  As  this  fleet  did  not  an- 
swer the  signals  it  was  thought  an  en- 
emy. Word  was  about  to  be  given  to  fire 
when  it  was  discovered  to  be  a  French 
fleet  under  Ribaut.  Their  joy  knew  no 
bounds.  Ribaut  brought  new  settlers, 
both  men  and  women.  Their  joy  was 
short,  for  soon  they  saw  a  Spanish  fleet 
on  the  horizon. 

This  Spanish  fleet  was  led  by  Menen- 

[38] 


HUGUENOTS   IN   EARLY   FLORIDA 

dez,  who  anchored  for  the  night.  Ribaut's 
fleet  escaped  under  cover  of  darkness. 
Next  day  Menendez  arranged  to  attack 
the  French.  With  five  hundred  men, 
guided  by  a  renegade  Frenchman,  they 
attacked  the  French  unawares  and  un- 
prepared. Menendez  was  merciless  and 
killed  all  he  met.  However,  some  few 
managed  to  escape,  among  whom  were  La 
Moyne,  Laudonniere,  and  some  others. 
These  were  picked  up  along  the  coast  by 
a  French  vessel  and  taken  safely  to 
France. 

Another  butchery  was  near  at  hand. 
Word  was  brought  to  the  Spanish  by  the 
Indians  that  a  French  fleet  had  been 
sighted  on  the  coast  toward  the  south 
about  five  or  six  leagues  off.  Menendez 
immediately  began  to  reconnoiter  and 
soon  saw  the  bivouac  fires  of  the  ship- 


HUGUENOTS   IN   EARLY   FLORIDA 

wrecked  French  who  endeavored  to  reach 
Fort  Caroline  whose  fate  was  not  yet 
known.  Ribaut  was  farther  south  strug- 
gling for  the  same  goal.  Of  the  first  par- 
ties' fate  there  is  no  French  record.  Men- 
endez  here  showed  his  treachery.  He 
made  believe  he  was  friendly.  He  put 
on  the  clothes  of  a  sailor,  rowed  to  the 
French  and  asked  who  they  were.  He 
was  answered: 

"Followers  of  Ribaut,  Viceroy  of  the 
King  of  France." 

Menendez  asked,  "Catholics  or  Luther- 
ans?" 

"All  Lutherans,"  was  the  reply. 

The  French  then  asked  for  assistance 
and  Menendez  gave  his  word  of  honor  for 
their  safety,  sending  a  boat  to  bring  them 
over.  On  landing  he  met  them  very  cour- 
teously. He  kept  his  followers  at  a  dis- 

[40] 


HUGUENOTS   IN   EARLY   FLORIDA 

tance  in  order  to  exaggerate  their 
strength  since  his  number  was  not  more 
than  sixty  while  the  Firench  numbered 
about  two  hundred.  They  asked  for  the 
loan  of  a  boat  and  were  again  asked 
whether  they  were  Catholics  or  Luther- 
ans. Menendez  then  revealed  the  fort  to 
be  taken,  upon  which  the  French  asked 
for  vessels  to  take  them  home.  Menen- 
dez said  that  only  if  they  were  Catholics 
would  he  do  this,  to  Lutherans,  never. 
Right  here  in  order  to  show  how  the  Hu- 
guenots were  despised  it  may  be  well  to 
insert  the  harangue  of  Menendez,  who 
hated  them  with  utter  contempt. 

"All  Catholics  I  will  befriend  but  as 
you  are  of  the  New  Sect  I  hold  you  as 
enemies  and  wage  deadly  war  against 
you ;  and  this  I  will  do  with  all  cruelty  in 
this  country  where  I  command  as  Vice- 

[41] 


HUGUENOTS   IN   EARLY   FLORIDA 

roy  and  Captain  General  for  my  king.  I 
am  here  to  plant  the  Holy  Gospel  that 
the  Indians  may  be  enlightened  and  come 
to  the  knowledge  of  the  Holy  Catholic 
faith  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ  as  the  Ro- 
man Church  teaches  us.  If  you  will  give 
up  your  arms  and  banner  and  place  your- 
selves at  my  mercy  you  may  do  so  and  I 
will  act  towards  you  as  God  shall  give  me 
grace.  Do  as  you  will,  for  other  than  this 
you  cannot  have — neither  truce  nor 
friendship." 

The  French  after  vain  attempts  to  save 
their  lives  surrendered  to  the  Spanish. 
They  were  taken  in  groups  of  ten  and  had 
their  hands  tied  behind  their  backs  and 
then  were  tortured  by  the  Spanish  with 
their  harangue.  After  this  they  were  led 
to  a  lonely  place,  where  a  line  was  marked 
on  the  sand  behind  which  the  French  were 


HUGUENOTS   IN   EARLY   FLORIDA 

placed.  Now  the  Spanish  began  their 
work  of  butchery.  None  was  left  to  tell 
the  story. 

Several  days  later  Ribaut  and  his  ship- 
wrecked crew  were  discovered.  Menen- 
dez  and  his  men  showed  themselves, 
whereupon  the  French  formed  battle  ar- 
ray. The  Spanish,  however,  kept  cool  and 
showed  no  desire  for  battle.  This  had 
the  desired  effect.  The  French  blew  a 
trumpet  of  parley,  after  which  they  came 
over  to  the  Spanish  and  asked  for  aid. 
Menendez  treated  them  well  and  prom- 
ised them  safety.  He  gave  them  a  good 
meal,  after  which  the  French  asked  for 
their  lives.  Ribaut,  it  is  said,  promised 
one  hundred  thousand  ducats  for  those 
who  would  surrender.  The  Spanish 
leader  considered  this  proposition  during 
the  night  but  in  the  morning  ordered  the 

[43] 


HUGUENOTS   IN   EARLY   FLORIDA 

French  to  be  brought  over  in  tens,  then 
he  tied  their  hands  behind  their  backs  and 
led  them  behind  the  same  ridge  where 
the  others  had  been  killed.  Some,  how- 
ever, had  escaped  during  the  night  but 
those  that  had  surrendered,  together  with 
Ribaut,  were  placed  in  line.  Again  they 
were  asked  what  their  religion  was  and 
Ribaut  answered: 

"I  and  all  here  are  of  the  Reformed 
faith." 

Upon  this  the  signal  was  given  and 
only  two  lads  were  saved  out  of  the  whole 
lot. 

As  to  those  of  Ribaut's  party  who  had 
escaped,  word  was  brought  to  Menen- 
dez,  soon  after,  that  they  were  seen  en- 
trenching themselves  at  Fort  Caroline. 
He  set  out  with  a  force  of  some  two  hun- 
dred and  fifty  and  upon  his  reaching  the 

[44] 


HUGUENOTS   IN   EARLY   FLORIDA 

fort  the  French  fled  panic  stricken.  He 
sent  his  trumpeters  to  summon  them  and 
pledged  his  honor  for  their  safety.  Some 
surrendered,  others  would  sooner  be  eaten 
by  the  savages  than  believe  anything  of 
Menendez.  This  time  Menendez  kept  his 
word.  He  treated  the  prisoners  kindly 
and  allowed  them  to  eat  at  his  own  table. 
It  is  true  that  some  of  them  turned  Catho- 
lics. Thus  ended  the  second  French  set- 
tlement in  Florida. 

We  have  now  glanced  rapidly  over  the 
early  French  Huguenot  settlements  in 
Florida  and  have  observed  their  doings 
and  their  fates.  Their  unsuccess  was  due: 
partly  to  the  French  themselves,  because 
they,  as  in  all  other  colonies,  had  some 
among  them  who  were  malcontents ;  chief- 
ly, however,  to  the  Spanish  under  Menen- 
dez, who  destroyed  early  French  Protest- 

[45] 


HUGUENOTS   IN   EARLY   FLORIDA 

antism  in  America.  Had  not  the  Span- 
ish interfered  the  Huguenots  doubtless 
would  have  succeeded  in  their  efforts  since 
they  were  on  a  fair  road  to  success  when 
the  Spanish  swept  down  on  them.  As  it 
was,  the  fates  were  against  the  new  born 
faith  of  the  French  and  so  their  project 
came  to  naught.  These  settlements,  al- 
though slighted,  are  in  every  whit  as  im- 
portant and  interesting,  although  unsuc- 
cessful, as  were  those  of  the  Puritans  later 
on.  Had  better  fortune  attended  them 
and  had  they  not  been  moved  by  that 
greedy  desire  for  gold  but  had  put  all 
their  life  and  soul  into  the  colony,  who 
can  say  what  would  have  been  their  ac- 
complishments? This  question  will  for- 
ever remain  unanswered. 


[46] 


TREES  AS  A  MEANS  FOR  BEAU- 
TIFYING OUR  CITIES 


TREES  AS  A  MEANS  FOR  BEAU- 
TIFYING OUR  CITIES 

NOT  until  quite  recently  have  the 
states  taken  any  steps  in  car- 
ing for  our  forests  and  although 
the  progress  made  in  this  line  is  of  neces- 
sity comparatively  slow  it  is  sure  to  make 
important  advances  in  the  near  future. 
The  time  is  rapidly  approaching,  and  it 
cannot  come  too  soon,  when  the  states 
will  not  only  control  most  of  our  forest 
land  and  care  for  it  but  measures  will  also 
be  taken  for  the  preservation  and  pro- 
tection of  trees  in  our  cities  and  smaller 
towns;  that  is,  where  measures  along  this 
line  have  not  already  been  taken  by  the 
cities  and  towns  themselves. 
[49] 


TREES   FOR   BEAUTIFYING   OUR   CITIES 

Nothing  looks  more  dreary,  dirty,  and 
unhomelike  than  a  city  whose  streets  and 
vacant  spots  are  treeless.    One  may  well 
liken  such  a  city  to  a  desert,  and  indeed 
on  a  hot  mid-summer's  day  it  is  much 
worse  than  a  desert,  dry,  dirty,  and  swel- 
tering, with  nothing  to  check  the  beating 
rays  of  the  sun  except,  in  an  unsatisfac- 
tory  degree,   the    shade    of   the   various 
buildings.    Alas  for  such  a  city.    Its  oc- 
cupants are  indeed  to  be  pitied  both  on 
account  of  their  condition  and  their  igno- 
rance :  the  former  because  they  are  obliged 
to  live  in  such  a  place;  the  latter  because 
they  have  not  realized  before  the  fact  that 
with  but  little  work  they  could  ease  their 
lot  by  planting  fast  growing  shade  trees. 
The  inhabitants  of  such  a  city  may  nearly 
always  be  classed  with  the  shiftless  and 
unambitious.     Let  us  now  consider  how 

[50] 


TREES   FOR   BEAUTIFYING   OUR   CITIES 

trees  beautify  a  city,  the  kind  of  trees  that 
should  be  preferred,  and  the  care  which 
should  be  given. 

In  the  first  place  let  us  observe  the 
functions  of  a  tree  in  a  city.  Its  purposes 
are,  shall  we  say,  above  all  for  the  com- 
fort of  the  pedestrians.  Possibly  we  all 
have  experienced  walking  along  an  un- 
shaded street  in  a  large  city  with  the  tem- 
perature above  100  degrees  Fahrenheit 
and  the  only  cooling  thing  in  sight,  pos- 
sibly, a  soda  fountain.  If  we  have  we 
can  all  know  the  thrill  of  joy  which  passed 
through  us  upon  our  beholding  a  nice  and 
cool  shade  tree  in  the  distance  and  de- 
spite the  heat  rush  for  the  spot.  How 
much  pleasanter  if  such  trees  were  plant- 
ed all  along  the  street,  both  for  the  peo- 
ple living  there,  and  for  the  people 
obliged  to  do  the  traveling.  In  the  sec- 

[51] 


TREES   FOR   BEAUTIFYING  OUR   CITIES 

ond  place  it  improves  the  looks  of  the  city, 
rendering  it  more  beautiful  as  we  all 
know  full  well.  No  matter  what  fine  resi- 
dences a  town  may  have;  no  matter  how 
many  monuments  or  obelisks  built  of  the 
finest  granite,  if  minus  a  number  of  shade 
trees  it  does  not  beautify  the  situation. 

In  the  choice  of  trees  care  should  be 
taken  in  picking  those  which  will  pro- 
duce the  best  of  shade  and  at  the  same 
time  make  the  least  bit  of  work  and  put 
on  the  finest  appearance  in  their  growth. 
Since  the  main  purpose  in  planting  is  for 
shade  no  slow  growing  trees  should  be 
picked.  Not  any  and  every  kind  of  a 
tree  should  be  planted  in  any  haphazard 
way.  The  selection  should  be  made  from 
the  stock  of  a  high  grade  nursery.  These 
give  the  best  results  and  reward  for  the 
labor  put  into  them.  The  best  trees  for 

[52] 


TREES   FOR   BEAUTIFYING   OUR   CITIES 

shade  in  a  town  are  possibly  found  among 
the  Elms,  either  the  American  or  the  Slip- 
pery; among  the  Maples,  and  of  these 
probably  the  finest  is  the  Silver  and  it  is 
the  one  which  is  generally  preferred,  the 
Norway,  the  Red,  and  even  the  Sugar, 
makes  an  excellent  shade  tree;  the  Box 
Elder  also  makes  a  satisfactory  shade 
tree.  For  merely  decorating  purposes  the 
choice  should  lie  among  the  Willows  and 
the  different  kind  of  Evergreens.  The 
Oak  also  makes  a  fairly  good  shade  tree 
but  its  method  of  growth  is  against  its 
being  planted  on  a  street.  An  Oak  tree 
should  be  planted  in  the  open,  where  it 
has  plenty  of  room  to  throw  out  its 
branches.  Where  the  Oaks  should  be  set 
out  in  a  city  and  where  they  would  give 
the  most  beautifying  appearance  is  on  a 
triangular  plot  formed  usually  where  two 

[53] 


TREES   FOR   BEAUTIFYING   OUR   CITIES 

streets  come  together.  Some  people  think 
that  the  Oak  is  too  large  to  make  a  good 
appearance  but  I  think  this  is  a  mistake. 
A  town  should  have  at  least  a  couple  of 
trees  in  it  which  put  on  a  stately  appear- 
ance. Of  all  trees  the  Oak  is  the  most 
stately  and  there  is  most  assuredly  noth- 
ing feminine  about  its  appearance.  Many 
people  carelessly  admire  a  tree's  beauty 
and  appreciate  its  shade,  and,  of  course, 
its  latent  possibilities  as  timber;  but  how 
few  of  those  who  have  seen  the  ease  with 
which  a  great  tree  is  felled  realize  the 
wonder  of  its  growth,  the  years  and 
change  that  went  into  its  making,  and 
the  years  and  change  required  before  an- 
other like  it  can  take  its  place!  In  the 
Autocrat  Dr.  Holmes  speaks  of  a  man, 
with  bitterness,  who  "labored  under  the 
delusion  that  human  life  is  under  all  cir- 

[54] 


TREES   FOR   BEAUTIFYING   OUR   CITIES 

cumstances  to  be  preferred  to  vegetable 
existence"  and  needlessly  had  a  great  tree 
cut  down.  "It  is  so  easy  to  say  'It  is  only 
a  Poplar'  and  so  much  harder  to  replace 
its  living  cone  than  to  build  a  granite 
obelisk." 

A  tree  which  has  seen  one  hundred 
years  we  call  a  patriarch ;  and  indeed  few 
trees  about  our  great  cities  live  to  that 
time,  which  in  an  Oak  and  Elm  should  be 
a  stout  and  hearty  middle  age,  the  very 
prime  of  life.  Of  late,  it  is  true,  the  peo- 
ple seem  to  be  awakening  to  the  value  of 
these  historic  witnesses,  and  are  doing 
what  they  can  to  preserve  the  few  scarred 
relics  which  we  have  left.  Did  I  say  his- 
toric witnesses?  An  old  and  stately  Oak 
certainly  brings  to  mind  at  least  a  few 
historic  events.  Whenever  I  behold  an 
ancient-looking  Oak  I  am  carried  several 

[55] 


TREES   FOR   BEAUTIFYING   OUR   CITIES 

centuries  back  to  the  time  when  the  Red 
Men  were  roaming  over  this  country  of 
ours;  to  the  time  of  the  Revolution  and 
before,  and  I  think  to  myself,  "If  that 
tree  could  speak  I  wonder  what  would  it 
say." 

As  to  the  arrangement  of  trees  in  a  city 
nothing  is  so  important.  Great  care 
should  be  taken  in  the  setting  of  trees. 
They  should  not  be  planted  in  a  crowded 
appearance,  ample  space  should  be  grant- 
ed them  for  their  growth.  The  planter 
should  bear  in  mind  the  fact  that  sun- 
light is  the  essential  thing  needed  by  a 
growing  tree  in  order  that  it  can  put  on 
an  ideal  appearance.  They  should  not  be 
planted  in  a  tenement  sort  of  appearance. 
A  space  of  from  twentyl-five  .to  about 
forty  feet  should  be  allowed  between  each 
tree  to  secure  the  best  of  results.  They 
[56] 


TREES   FOR   BEAUTIFYING   OUR   CITIES 

should  be  planted  in  a  symmetrical  or- 
der, by  this  I  mean  that  they  should  not 
be  planted  out  of  line  or  order.  But  the 
planting  is  not  all.  After  this  great  care 
should  be  taken  of  the  tree.  Many  peo- 
ple make  the  mistake  in  thinking  that 
after  planting  nature  will  do  the  rest. 
Not  so.  Although  this  is  true  in  some 
cases  it  is  not  so  in  the  majority  of  cases. 
There  are  enemies  to  be  watched  and 
guarded  against  which  the  young  tree 
cannot  ward  of  alone  and  it  needs  the 
help  of  mankind  to  do  this.  It  is  some- 
thing like  a  child  in  this  respect.  After 
it  has  started  to  grow  and  after  several 
years  of  growth  useless  branches  should 
be  cut  off,  by  this  I  do  not  mean  topping 
but  more  of  this  later  on,  I  mean  branches 
too  near  the  ground  and  possibly  dead 
branches.  The  enemies  common  to  young 
[57] 


TREES   FOR   BEAUTIFYING   OUR   CITIES 

trees  are  insects  and  animals. 

Again  many  people  believe  that  in  or- 
der to  produce  good  shade  a  tree  should 
be  topped.  This  is  erroneous.  In  the 
first  place  it  spoils  the  shape  of  the  tree 
and  makes  it  put  on  a  scrubby  and  crip- 
pled appearance.  Sooner  than  have  trees 
topped  have  none  at  all;  that  is,  so  far  as 
looks  are  concerned.  In  my  estimation 
there  is  no  excuse  for  topping  a  tree  un- 
less it  be  for  the  purpose  of  preventing  it 
from  coming  in  contact  with  electric 
wires.  However,  in  a  well  built  town  the 
wires  should  not  run  through  the  princi- 
pal streets,  they  should  be  taken  along 
alleys  and  back  streets.  Telephone  and 
Telegraph  companies  should  realize  this 
and  in  most  places  they  do  so  realize.  If 
the  wires  cannot  be  taken  down  side 
streets  they  should  be  taken  underground, 

[58] 


TREES   FOR   BEAUTIFYING   OUR   CITIES 

which  is  being  done  in  a  few  of  our  well- 
sized  cities. 

Trees  also  are  very  good  dust  check- 
ers. It  is  a  well-known  fact  that  trees 
catch  and  retain  the  moisture ;  however,  it 
is  not  known  for  certain  whether  trees  in- 
crease the  rainfall,  although  some  authori- 
ties claim  that  they  do.  By  checking  the 
dust  they  prevent  the  spread  of  disease 
since  the  disease  germs  are  carried  on  the 
dust  particles.  They  maintain  a  more 
uniform  degree  of  humidity  in  the  atmos- 
phere ;  if  they  do  not  augment  the  amount 
of  precipitation  they  equalize  the  amount 
of  precipitation  and  its  distribution 
throughout  the  season. 

The  tree  also  affords  protection  against 
the  prevailing  winds  and  for  this  the  Ever- 
greens are  by  far  the  most  effective.  Take 
for  instance  small  towns  and  cities  in  the 
[59] 


TREES   FOR   BEAUTIFYING   OUR   CITIES 

west  which  are  subject  to  strong  torna- 
does and  hurricanes.  Much  damage  is 
done  to  these  towns  when  one  of  these 
winds  makes  its  appearance.  This  could 
all  be  prevented  by  merely  planting  a 
number  of  Evergreens  on  that  side  of  the 
town  where  the  prevailing  winds  are  the 
strongest,  which  would  act  as  a  check  and 
the  damage  would  be  reduced  to  a  mini- 
mum. 

In  order  to  beautify  a  city  the  trees 
should  not  only  be  scattered  along  the 
streets  but  also  the  vacant  spots  and  the 
banks  of  streams  should  be  planted  with 
them.  These  spots  should  be  set  out  with 
trees  suited  there.  They  should  be  mixed. 
On  vacant  lots  Oaks,  Willows  and  the  dif- 
ferent kinds  of  Evergreens  and  Maple  do 
very  well.  While  along  the  banks  of 
streams  Lombardy  Poplars  and  Willows 
[60] 


TREES   FOR   BEAUTIFYING   OUR   CITIES 

help  to  beautify  the  scene,  and  of  the  Wil- 
lows the  one  which  produces  the  most 
beautiful  effect  is  the  Weeping  Willow. 
It  is  well  known  that  they  prefer  moist 
soils  and  can  be  propagated  with  but  lit- 
tle work.  All  that  needs  to  be  done  is  to 
cut  off  a  small  twig  and  place  it  in  moist 
soil  and  within  a  very  short  time  a  tree  of 
good  size  and  beauty  will  occupy  its  place. 
Also  Evergreens  can  be  planted  here  and 
produce  excellent  results.  However,  the 
Evergreens  will  have  to  be  protected  in 
the  first  couple  of  years  of  growth.  In 
the  first  place  they  must  have  a  shaded 
spot  to  start  their  growth  and  also  be  pro- 
tected from  mud,  and  secondly  they  must 
be  protected  from  an  insect  called  the 
weevil  during  its  early  growth  which 
bores  its  way  into  the  branches,  either  kill- 
ing them  or  making  them  put  on  a  stunted 
[61] 


TREES   FOR   BEAUTIFYING  OUR   CITIES 

or  gnarled  appearance.  Also  some  flow- 
ering trees  such  as  the  magnolia  or  the 
lilac  suit  very  well  here  and  greatly  help 
to  beautify  the  place. 

At  present  nearly  all  the  cities  of  a 
higher  grade  have  a  Park  Commission,  or 
something  that  corresponds  to  a  Park 
Commission,  whose  duty  it  is  to  look  after 
the  preservation  and  the  protection  of 
trees.  This  is  done  by  placing  a  fine  on 
any  person  discovered  injuring  the  trees 
in  any  manner  or  form.  More  might  be 
done  in  this  line  if  the  state  would  offer 
more  inducements  to  the  people  for  plant- 
ing trees  and  shrubbery  in  front  of  their 
lawns  and  homes  along  the  sidewalks. 
Quite  true  people  should  realize  the 
beautifying  qualities  of  trees  and  be  will- 
ing to  improve  their  surroundings  by  the 
planting  of  trees.  They  should  consider 
[62] 


TREES   FOR   BEAUTIFYING   OUR   CITIES 

this  sufficient  inducement.  In  years  to 
come,  when  the  tree  they  have  planted 
is  a  giant  and  people  passing  stop  and 
admire  it,  there  is  no  greater  pleasure  or 
satisfaction  for  them  than  to  say,  "Yes,  I 
have  planted  that  tree." 


[63] 


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NOV   12  1947 


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